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It basically uses the nal decisions as the feedback, and uses both the linear and nonlinear techniques for MAI mitigation [19] For all the previous receiver structures we have considered, the receiver is assumed to know the channel In practice, one way to obtain this information is to perform channel estimation, before the multiuser detection stage, by employing training symbols (data-aided channel estimation) [38] Alternatively, channel estimation and data detection can be performed jointly without requiring any training data, which is called a blind (non-data aided) algorithm In view of the similarity between the IR-UWB and CDMA systems, application of blind MUD algorithms to IR-UWB systems is possible, as considered in [40 42] Finally, subspace approaches can be useful for UWB systems to provide lowcomplexity designs, when the rank of the covariance matrix of the discrete received signal is large.

The signal hops from band to band over a number of bands in a cyclic manner The main advantages of the multiband technique are lower design complexity and reduction of power consumption over a smaller bandwidth, and spectral exibility that enables coexistence with existing services The WiMedia Alliance uses a multiband OFDM technique WiMedia has standardized a physical layer and a medium access control protocol for a wireless personal area network (WPAN) that operates in a short-range (up to 10 m) environment This standard is supported by Intel, NXP, Texas Instruments, STMicroelectronics, and many other companies There are also other types of UWB systems in the literature They are transmitted reference (TR) UWB, chirp UWB, multicarrier (MC) UWB, and multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) UWB systems TR UWB transmits a rst UWB pulse to serve as the template signal for the second pulse transmitted.

The rst UWB pulse is unmodulated, and the second UWB pulse is modulated In this way, no template signal needs to be de ned However, bandwidth ef ciency drops by half, as the rst UWB pulse does not convey data information Chirp UWB, which is gaining interest, uses chirp waveforms A chirp is a signal that increases or decreases with frequency in time The instantaneous frequency in a linear chirp varies linearly with time Its advantages include easy generation of UWB signals (using a simple circuit), exibility for meeting the spectrum mask, easy implementation of subband systems and extreme robustness against multipath delay spread MC UWB has its signals placed at multiple carriers in the frequency domain MIMO UWB uses multiple transmit and receive antennas to improve the signal-to-interference-noise ratio (SINR) The larger the SINR, the better the signal quality received.

For example, the implementation of the optimal MMSE receiver in Section 1032 can require the inversion of a very large matrix when many samples are to be combined optimally Therefore, the subspace schemes determine a lowrank subspace spanned by the columns of the covariance matrix, where the design of a simpler MMSE scheme becomes possible One way to implement this rankreduction is principal component analysis [43, 44], where the eigen-decomposition of the covariance matrix is employed to determine a signal subspace spanned by the eigenvectors associated with the largest eigenvalues and a noise subspace spanned by the eigenvectors associated with the remaining eigenvalues Then, the received signal is projected onto this signal subspace The application of this subspace approach to IR-UWB systems is investigated in [45].

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With MIMO UWB, the gain in SINR is increased by a factor of the product of the number of transmit and receive antennas For consumer communications applications, UWB s advantages include low complexity and lost cost, the ability to operate below the noise oor of traditional narrowband systems, resistantce to severe multipath and jamming, and very good time-domain resolution, suitable for location and tracking applications Multipath is a phenomenon whereby a signal reaches the receive antenna in two or more paths, which can be destructive or constructive The very narrow pulses of UWB make them less sensitive to the multipath effect UWB also has very good penetration properties that can be used for imaging Applications in UWB systems include connecting a personal computer or laptop to a printer, a storage device, a mobile phone, an MP3/4 player, a television set, and so on.

Another technique for rankreduction is the multistage Wiener lter (MSWF) approach [46], which does not need any eigen-decomposition, and usually outperforms other rank-reduction approaches [47] This reduced-rank approach based on the MSWF can be adopted for IR-UWB systems without any signi cant modi cation [48]..

High-data-rate connectivity without wires is a big advantage of WiMedia and.